Ultra science – ultrasonics and man

“The baby inside womb is developing well”, “the patient is suffering from stones in the liver”, “something hard substance at 220 meters away from here” etc etc are certain statements we come across in our daily life. But we least bother about the science behind these things. It can be only possible by ‘ultra sound technology’.

Sound is a form of energy , which can travel in medium and is produced by the vibration of matter.

Vibrations produce a wide range of frequencies and of which can be heard are audible and can’t are un audible. We can hear sounds of frequencies ranging between 20Hz to 20KHz and are called audible, where as frequencies beyond 20kHz are ultrasound, can’t hear, but studied under ultrasonics.

• Ultrasonics, vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible range for humans—that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is applied to ultrasoundwaves of very high amplitudes. Hypersound, sometimes called praetersound or microsound, is sound waves of frequencies greater than 10¹³ hertz. At such high frequencies it is very difficult for a sound wave to propagate efficiently; indeed, above a frequency of about 1.25 × 10¹³ hertz it is impossible for longitudinal waves to propagate at all, even in a liquid or a solid, because the molecules of the material in which the waves are traveling cannot pass the vibration along rapidly enough.
• Many animals have the ability to hear sounds in the human ultrasonic frequency range. A presumed sensitivity of roaches and rodents to frequencies in the 40 kilohertz region has led to the manufacture of “pest controllers” that emit loud sounds in that frequency range to drive the pests away, but they do not appear to work as advertised.
• Some ranges of hearing for mammals and insects are compared with those of humans in the table.
• Frequency range of hearing for humans
  and selected animals

ANIMAL	frequency (hertz)
	low		high
humans	20		20,000
cats	100		32,000
dogs	40		46,000
horses	31		40,000
elephants	16		12,000
cattle	16		40,000
bats	1,000		150,000
grasshoppers and locusts	100		50,000
rodents	1,000		100,000
whales and dolphins	70		150,000
seals and sea lions	200		55,000

An ultrasound scan, also referred to as a sonogram, diagnostic sonography, and ultrasonography, is a device that uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of some part of the inside of the body, such as the stomach, liver, heart, tendons, muscles, joints and blood vessels.
Experts say that as sound waves, rather than radiation are used, ultrasound scans are safe. Obstetric sonography is frequently used to check the baby in the womb.
This article looks specifically at ultrasound scans. We also have articles in our knowledge center about CT scans, MRI scans and PET scans.
Ultrasound scans are used to detect problems in the liver, heart, kidney or the abdomen. They may also be useful in helping the surgeon when carrying out some types of biopsies.
The word "ultrasound", in physics, refers to all sound with a frequency humans cannot hear. In diagnostic sonography, the ultrasound is usually between 2 and 18 MHz. Higher frequencies provide better quality images, but are more readily absorbed by the skin and other tissue, so they cannot penetrate as deeply as lower frequencies. Lower frequencies can penetrate deeper, but the image quality is inferior.
According to MediLexicon's medical dictionary:
Diagnostic ultrasound is: "the use of ultrasound to obtain images for medical diagnostic purposes, employing frequencies ranging from 1.6 to about 10 MHz."
Therapeutic ultrasound is: "high intensity ultrasound causing coagulation necrosis of tissue, used in treatment of some benign tumors, such as uterine leiomyomata."
Ultrasound scans and sonograms
The difference between an ultrasound scan and a sonogram is:
• An ultrasound scan is the procedure, the event
• A sonogram is the image produced when an ultrasound scan is performed
• 
  

General Instructions for Differently Abled Candidates

To facilitate easy access, a few selected schools are made examination centers for special students.  Teachers from schools for visually impaired are appointed as Assistant Superintendent(s) (Invigilators) at the special examination centers. However, precaution is taken to appoint different subject teachers on different days.  Answer books of differently abled candidates are sent separately by the Centre Superintendents.  A separate column is provided on the title page of the answer book for indicating the category of differently abled candidates.  Visually Impaired candidates are permitted use of screen reading software 10 (like JAWS- Job Access with Speech) with prior approval of the Board. They also have the facility of using a computer or a typewriter for writing answers.  Use of calculator is not permitted in any of the examinations conducted by the Board For further details circular no. Acad-06/2016 under CBSE website www.cbseacademic.in can be visited. Results for Class X & XII are likely to be declared in the month of May/June, 2016.

CBSE-2016 Class X Exams :

 Scheme-1 (School Based): For those who do not wish to move out of the CBSE System after Class X.

Schedule for Supply of Question Papers and Marking Scheme will be provided by the Board and SA-II will be conducting by the schools. Using the webbased technology solution called Integrated Test Management System (ITMS), the Question Papers and Marking Schemes will be sent to schools.

a) Online Question Papers will be sent from 04th March 2016.
b) Examination will be conducted from 10th March 2016 onwards.
c) Online Marking Scheme will be made available from 19th March 2016.

Scheme-2 (Board Based): For those who wish to move out of the CBSE System after Class X, who wish to join institutions/ schools/ Junior Colleges affiliated to Boards other than the CBSE.

Question papers and Marking Scheme will be prepared by the CBSE
For Scheme-II, examinations would commence from 1st March, 2016 and would conclude on 28th March, 2016.

The Summative Assessment-2 (SA-2) conducted by the school (Scheme 1) and conducted by the Board (Scheme 2) are similar as both are:

1. Based on same syllabus prescribed for Term II only. 2. Carry the same weightage of 30% towards the final grade. 3. Based on the same types of question papers in term of question paper design, blue print and difficulty level. 4. Evaluated on the basis of marking schemes prepared by the Board. 5. The answer copies of examination conducted by the board are evaluated by the Board at designated centers whereas those conducted by the school evaluation is done by the teachers based on the marking schemes supplied by the Board. 6. A uniform certificate is issued to all the candidates by the Board.

 Problem Solving Assessment has been discontinued with effect from 2015-16 session. Schools will conduct FA4 in place of PSA and upload the scores.
Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills (ASL) Weightage of 20 marks in Formative and Summative Assessments is assigned for the Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills. The Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills is done at the term-end examination in Summative Assessment-I and II. Schools have been asked to conduct ASL as per the guidelines provided by the CBSE.
Open Text-Based Assessment The Board conducts Open Text-based Assessment for classes IX and XI, to inculcate analytical and theoretical skills. i) Open Text based Assessment (OTBA) for Class IX (SA-II) is conducted in all the main subjects Hindi, English, Mathematics Science, Social Science. ii) For Class XI it is held in Economics, Biology and Geography (annual exams).
 The schools have been supplied with open text material before the commencement of class IX Summative Assessment II and class XI annual exams.  Textual material is in the form of articles / case study, / a story, /problem/situation based on the concepts taught in the unit assigned for the OTBA in the curriculum during second term (class IX) and during the session (Class XI).  A total weightage of 10 marks has been assigned in all the main subjects (Class IX) and Economics, Biology, Geography in Class XI and may also include Value Based Questions.  Value Based Questions in all major subjects for classes X and XII up to 3-5 marks will be included. The questions will be based on content and analysed on the basis of the values reflected.  Sample Question Papers for Examinations Class X and XII have been made available on the www.cbse.nic.in.

CBSE TELE COUNSELLING

I st Phase CBSE Tele- Counselling from 1st February 2016 to 22nd April 2016 Offered by Principals and trained counsellors from within CBSE affiliated schools located in and outside India, it is a voluntary, free of cost service provided by the participants. This year 76 Principals, trained counsellors from CBSE affiliated government and private schools and few psychologists are participating in Tele-Counselling and addressing exam related psychological problems of the students. 60 of them are available in India while 16 are located in Nepal, Japan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Jeddah, Al Khobar) Sultnate of Oman, UAE (Sharjah, Dubai, Ras Al-Khaimah) and Kuwait.

CBSE LAUNCHES PRE EXAM ANNUAL COUNSELLING FOR STUDENTS AND PARENTS FROM 1st FEBRUARY TO 22nd APRIL 2016

                                                          PRESS NOTE

CBSE LAUNCHES PRE EXAM ANNUAL COUNSELLING FOR STUDENTS AND PARENTS FROM 1st FEBRUARY TO 22nd APRIL 2016

The Pre-Examination counselling for students and parents will begin from the 1st of February and will continue up to 22nd April, 2016. This is the 19th consecutive year that CBSE will provide psychological counselling services to students at the time of preparation as well as during the examinations to overcome exam related stress.

The CBSE annual counselling is an outreach programme which is carefully designed keeping the heterogeneity of students’ population and geographical spread. Multiple modes of communication such as telephonic counselling, Question Answer columns in newspapers and online counselling through CBSE website are used to reach out to more and more examinees during this phase.

1. CBSE TELE-COUNSELLING

Is offered by Principals and trained counsellors from within CBSE affiliated schools located in and outside India. It is a voluntary, free of cost service provided by the participants. This year 76 Principals, trained counsellors from CBSE affiliated government and private schools and few psychologists will participate in Tele-Counselling and address exam related psychological problems of the students. 60 of them are available in India while 16 are located in Nepal, Japan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Jeddah, Sultnate of Oman, Al Khobar), UAE (Sharjah, Dubai, Ras Al-Khaimah) and Kuwait

Centralized Toll Free Access in India

Students can dial a toll free number 1800 11 8004 from any part of the country which will give centralized access to CBSE helpline. While the general queries will be answered by the operators, students will be connected to the principals or counsellors in case of exam related anxiety or stress. The tele helpline will be operational from 08 AM to 10 PM from 1st February to 22nd April 2016 on all days

Counselling for Differently Abled Children

For the seventh year CBSE has arranged to provide counselling to differently abled children to take care of the needs and anxiety of special children.

2. QUESTION-ANSWER COLUMNS

CBSE experts will answer queries of students through weekly Question Answer columns to be published in major national newspapers during the month of February

3. ON-LINE COUNSELLING

For On-line counselling counselling.cecbse@gmail.com and sugandh.cbse@gmail.com can also be contacted.

4. CBSE WEBSITE

Information related to examinations and techniques to cope with exam related anxiety is also provided at the CBSE website www.cbse.nic.in through micro link Helpline.

GUIDELINES REGARDING DIFFERENTLY ABLED CANDIDATES FOR THE CONDUCT OF ASSESSMENTS (EXAMINATION)

In accordance with the Government of India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Department of Disability guidelines vide OM F. No. 16-110/2003-DD.III dated 26.02.2013 the schools are instructed to abide by the following guidelines regarding differently abled candidates during the conduct of CBSE Examination.
1. The differently abled candidates may be given compensatory time of 50 minutes in each paper of CBSE and CBSE-i Examination for differently abled candidates who are making use of scribe/amanensis. All the candidates with disability not availing the facility of scribe may also be allowed compensatory time of 50 minutes.
2. The facility of scribe/amanuensis may be allowed to any person who has disability of 40% of more if so desired by the person.
3. The candidate may be permitted for opting of his own scribe/amanuensis or may be provided by the Centre Superintendent on his/her request. Such candidates are advised to request the centre superintendent for amanuesis one day before the examination in between 10:00 AM to 1:00 Pm.
4. There will be no criteria for educational qualification, age etc. for the scribe/amanensis.
5. Proper seating arrangement preferably at ground floor should be made prior to the
commencement of Examination to avoid confusion.
6. The time of giving the question paper, should be marked accurately and timely supply of question paper mean for visually impaired candidates, should be ensured.
7. There should also be flexibility in accomodating any change in scribe/reader/lab assistant in case of emergency. The candidates should also be allowed to take more than one scribe/reader for writing different papers especially for language.
8. In addition in this, the near relatives of the candidates may be permitted to be present in the
examination hall only for the purpose of motivation and support to the candidate.

How does a student benefit by taking Olympiad exams?

How does a student benefit by taking Olympiad exams?

Participants of Olympiads are ranked on the basis of marks obtained. Hence, after taking the first level of the test, students can judge themselves academically at four different levels - within the school, at city level, at state level and above all at International level.
Each student is provided a Student Performance Report (SPR). The SPR analyses the strong and weak areas of the student and also gives a detailed performance comparison of the student vis-à-vis other students at school, state and international level. Analysis of the student’s past five years’ performance is also provided.
Students are suitably awarded based on their international, State and School ranking. Prizes are announced annually and include cash awards, medals, gifts, certificates etc. The International toppers from each class are awarded at a grand prize distribution ceremony held in Delhi, presided over by an eminent personality. Prizes for state winners and school winners are sent to their respective schools. For the year 2014-15, a sum of Rs. Ten Crores will be incurred towards awards, felicitations, scholarships etc.

Who all are eligible to sit for the Olympiads?

Students of classes 1st to 12th are eligible to appear for the 1st level Olympiads. For National Cyber Olympiad, students from class 2 onwards are eligible to appear for the 1st level. There is no other eligibility criterion like minimum marks. Students who qualify for the 2nd level exam include.
(a) Top 5% of students’ class wise, who appear for the 1st level exam,
(b) State wise top 10 rank holders class wise, and
(c) Class toppers from each participating school where at least 25 students from a class appear in the exam & scores 50% qualifying marks. Students from classes 1 and 2 are not required to appear for the 2nd level exam and are ranked based on their performance in the first level exam. IEO is a single level exam.

I am interested to take part in the Olympiads. Tell me how will I come to know about the details of the exam?

All the relevant information is sent to the schools registered with us across countries, along with prospectus, registration forms, posters and other details before the first round of exams and then as the date and venue of the second level is decided, the information is sent to the relevant schools again. The students come to know about the necessary details from their school teachers or through the Foundation's official website www.sofworld.org or through the foundations face book page www.facebook.com/sofworld.

Myself and few of my friends are interested to take part in the Olympiads but our school has not yet received any information regarding the Olympiad. What can we do?

Please let us know the name, e-mail ID, complete address of your school along with name and contact details of the principal. We will send detailed information and registration forms to your School so that your Principal / Olympiad Teacher-in-charge can register your names for the exam.

What is the syllabus for the Olympiads?

The syllabus of the Olympiads is the syllabus as prescribed by the CBSE, ICSE and various state boards. If you sit for the second level and have moved onto the next class, the syllabus will remain the same (i.e. of the previous class).  The details of syllabus are also posted on the Foundation’s website.

Are there any special books which the participants should refer to for the NSO preparation?

In general, NCERT books/course books prescribed by the CBSE/ICSE/STATE BOARDS may be referred to for the preparation. We also have following books/materials for Olympiad preparation:

1)MTG Class wise Workbooks (For Class 1 to 10)
2)‘SOF Olympiad Trainer’ Mobile Apps
3)OSDS (Olympiad Skill Development System)
4)Previous Years’ Papers
5)Olympiads’ Books of Reasoning (for preparation for the reasoning section of Olympiads)
6)E-Quiz
Additionally, class XI and XII students can refer to the various publications like Chemistry Today, Biology Today, Mathematics Today and Physics For You and MTG books which contain useful matter including solved and model test papers of various National and International Olympiads.
The above books/materials related to Olympiad are published by MTG (website: www.mtg.in)

My school does not want to register for the Olympiads, but I am very eager to write the exam. Can I do it on my own?

SOF does not encourage individual participation. Students have to register through their schools only.

I have already appeared for the Olympiads while I was in a lower class? Can I appear again?

Certainly. This will give you an opportunity to improve your previous rankings, and if you are successful in doing so, you will again be eligible for certificates and prizes.

My school has already dispatched the registration form. I am left out and I want to register myself for the Olympiad exam. What should I do?

You can request your school authority to send your relevant details and fee immediately to us. We will accept it if it reaches us before the last date of registration (usually 30 days before the exam).

I am going to write the Olympiads for the first time. Can I get sample papers?

Sample Papers are sent to all schools registered for Olympiad exams. SOF website also contains these papers http://www.sofworld.org/nso/nso-exam/sample-papers.html. Sample papers sent to the schools prior to the first level test are helpful and can be used for both levels of Olympiad exams.
In addition to the sample papers, students may also benefit by subscribing to OSDS – Olympiad Skill Development System (please refer to our site www.sofworld.org for details)

What is the structure and pattern of the examination?
For details please click following link.
http://www.sofworld.org/pattern-questions-and-marking-scheme.html

When are the results of Olympiads declared?

Results of both the levels of Olympiads are declared within 6 weeks of the examination. The results are sent to the schools concerned. The results are also made available on our website.

Can I take part in more than one Olympiad exam?

Although conducted by the same Foundation, NCO, NSO, IMO and IEO are four completely different competitions. Students can register for all the 4 Olympiads in a year.

Do I have to regularly visit your website for the latest update of SOF activities?

All the important information regarding Olympiads, Seminars, etc., like date, time and venue is available on our website. So it is beneficial for you to surf our site www.sofworld.org   or www.facebook.com/sofworld.

I have cleared second level of the Olympiad and I have come to know that I am eligible for an award. I am studying in a different school / passed out from school and pursuing further studies. Will I come to know about the date?

As soon as we finalize the date and venue of the presentation ceremony, we send out the information to the schools concerned and also share the dates on our website and on our Facebook page. So please be in touch with your previous school or/and access of website regularly.

I have still not received my Roll No. / Admit Card / Participation Certificate. I have checked from my school authorities and they are also not in receipt of the same. Kindly advise what to do?

Please request your Principal / Science Teacher to inform us about the non-receipt of the above. We will send duplicate copies to your school as soon as we hear from them.

We have come to know about your Foundation and we are interested. How do we enroll our school with you?

Send us the complete address of your school in the following format and we will send relevant information and registration forms to you at the appropriate time.
School Name: Postal Address, E-mail: Principal’s name, phone number & e-mail ID.

Are the Olympiads conducted in English only?

Yes.

We have less than 10 students in our school who are interested to take part in an Olympiad. Can we still enroll for the test?

For less than 10 students a school, it is not viable for the Foundation to hold the exam. Hence at least 10 students should be enrolled from a school so that a school becomes a center.

Give criteria for ranking.
In case of level one exam, the following criteria will apply:

Marks obtained in relevant level
Marks obtained in sections of the relevant level. Each section is accorded separate weightage.
In the first level exam, one rank may have more than one student.

In case of level 2, the following criteria will apply:

Marks scored in level 2 exam.
In case of a tie, weightage will be accorded as per following priority:
Marks scored in sections in level two exam accorded more weightage.
Marks scored in level 1 exam.
Marks scored in sections in level one exam accorded more weightage.
Past performance of student.
Interview conducted by SOF.
In level two, no two students will be given same rank.