The family of animals : PROTOZOA

“elephant is a big animal” “dinosaurs no more here on the earth” “snakes are poisonous” “beautiful birds fly in skies” “we would like to eat fishes” etc etc are a very simple statements made in our daily life and so many times we will go to zoo and enjoy them in their natural habitat. But friends do you know that there are plenty of animals which can’t be seen through necked eyes ! Yes lets look into them now in detail…

Animals can be distinguished from plants by their capacity of movement, presence of distinct organ systems. Its still very difficult to estimate the actual number of animals on the Earth, as because they are scattered in water, air and on land too. To learn them there is a branch of biology called zoology and can be defined as science of animals.

All animals in the world are broadly classified into 2 groups called INVERTEBRATES without backbone & VERTEBRATES with backbone and vertebral column.

Meanwhile animal kingdom is broadly classifies into two subkingdoms

1. PROTOZOA – with single body cell, such as amoeba, euglena, paramecium etc and
2. METAZOA – with numerous body cells, such as invertebrates and vertebrates.

The major distinguishing characteristics of protozoa are given below:
7. 1. They do not have cell wall; some however, possess a flexible layer, a
pellicle, or a rigid shell of inorganic materials outside the cell membrane.
8. 2. They have the ability during their entire life cycle or part of it to move by
locomotor organelles or by a gliding mechanism.
9. 3. They have heterotrophic mode of nutrition, whereby the free-living
forms ingest particulates, such as bacteria, yeast and algae, while the
parasitic forms derive nutrients from the body fluids of their hosts.
10. 4. They reproduce primarily by asexual means, although in some groups
sexual modes also occur.

How do ultrasound scans work?

Although ultrasound travels through soft tissue and fluids, it bounces back off denser surfaces. Ultrasound will travel through blood, for example in the heart chamber, but much of it will echo (bounce back) when hitting a heart valve.

If there are no solid gallstones in the gallbladder, ultrasound will travel straight through, but when there are stones, ultrasound will bounce back from them.

The denser the object the ultrasound hits, the more of it bounces back.

The bouncing back, or echo, is what gives the ultrasound image its features - varying shades of gray reflect different densities.

Ultrasound is commonly used in medicine today. Health care professionals can use sonography for either diagnosis or treatment (therapeutic procedures), as well as for guidance during procedures that require intervention, such as biopsies.

A medical professional who performs ultrasound scans is called a Sonographer. Scans, or images are then interpreted by radiologists, cardiologists, or other medical specialists. The sonographer usually holds a transducer; a hand-held device which is placed on the skin of the patient.

Lets we see some of the examples of medical sonography:

Ultrasound in anesthesiology

Ultrasound is often used by anesthetists for guidance (accuracy) when injecting needles with anesthetic solutions near nerves.

Cardiology ( USEFUL IN HEART FUNCTIONING)

Used in echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound. Two-dimensional slices of the heart are imaged. Modern devices can produce 3-dimensional images.

As well as creating images of the cardiovascular system, echocardiograms can accurately assess the speed of blood flow and cardiac tissue at specific points using pulses or continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. The health care professional can assess the function and state of cardiac valve areas, abnormalities between the left and right side of the heart, valvular regurgitation (blood leaking from valves), as well as working out how well the heart pumps out blood.

Arterial sonography can also be used to assess the patency and possible blockage of arteries, as well as diagnosing deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Venosonography may help determine how severe a case of venous insufficiency might be.

Ultrasound in emergency medicine

The use of ultrasound in emergency medicine has grown considerably over the last two decades. In fact, for emergency medicine ultrasound training has become increasingly popular.

Today, in emergency medicine, ultrasound is used in the FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) for assessing trauma, pericardial tamponade (fluid builds up in the sac in which the heart is enclosed; the pericardium) or hemoperitoneum (blood in the peritoneal cavity).

Sonography is also used to speed up care for patients with suspected gallstones orinflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis). These patients usually come in with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant.

Abdominal Sonography (gastroenterology)

Using ultrasound, the healthcare professional is able to see images of the spleen, kidneys, bile ducts, gall bladder, liver, aorta, inferior vena cava, pancreas and other solid organs located in the abdomen. If the appendix is swollen, as may be the case with appendicitis, it can sometimes show up in the imaging. Sonographers say that certain quantities of fat and gas in the bowel can sometimes block the ultrasound waves, making diagnosis more difficult.

Newborn infants (neonatology)

The Sonographer can perform an ultrasound scan on an infant by placing the probe in the newborn's fontanelle (soft spot in the skull) to check for abnormalities in the brain,hydrocephalus and preiventricular leukomalacia (a form of white-matter brain injury). As the Fontanelle gets smaller in time, the quality of the images becomes poorer.

Ultrasound and neurology

Ultrasound may be used to measure blood flow in the carotid arteries. Known as carotid Ultrasonography, the scan looks out for blood clots and atherosclerotic plaque build-up. A carotid duplex is a form of carotid ultrasonopgraphy using Duplex ultrasonography, which may include a Doppler ultrasound - a test which can reveal how blood cells move through the carotid arteries.

Obstetric Ultrasonography

Ultrasound is used to create images of the fetus or embryo in the uterus. Today, often referred to simply as an ultrasound scan, it is part of standard prenatal care. Obstetric Ultrasonography can reveal various aspects of the fetus' health, as well as the mother's. It can also help the health care professional assess the progress of the pregnancy.

The probe, or transducer is typically placed on the mother's abdomen, but may also be placed in her vagina - transvaginal Sonography. A transvaginal scan gives a clearer picture during early pregnancy, and may be a better option for obese mothers. A Doppler Sonography shows the fetus' heartbeat, and can help the doctor detect signs of abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels.

Ultrasound and urology

Ultrasound is used in urology for many purposes, such as checking how much urine remains in the patient's bladder after going to the toilet. Organs in the pelvic region can be checked, including the uterus, testicles (to tell testicular torsion from epididymitis). In young adult male patients, ultrasound is sometimes used to distinguish hydrocele or varicocele fromtesticular cancer.

Testicular cancer, even though highly curable, must be treated in order to preserve the man's fertility and overall health.

Pelvic sonographies can be carried out internally or externally. In a male the internal sonogram may be inserted transrectally, while in a female transvaginally. Ultrasound scans of the pelvic floor can help the doctor determine the extent of, for example, a pelvic prolapse, incontinence or obstructed defecation. At higher frequencies, ultrasound can be used to break up kidney stones or crystals (nephrolithiasis).

Musculoskeletal sonography

Ultrasound can be used to examine ligaments, bone surfaces, soft tissue masses, nerves, muscles and tendons.

THESE ARE THE FEW SUPPORTIVE NOTIONS BY WHICH WE CAN UNDERSTAND HOW ARE THESE ULTRA SOUNDS USEFUL IN OUR DAILY LIFE.

LETS WE CONTINUE ……..

Ultra science – ultrasonics and man

“The baby inside womb is developing well”, “the patient is suffering from stones in the liver”, “something hard substance at 220 meters away from here” etc etc are certain statements we come across in our daily life. But we least bother about the science behind these things. It can be only possible by ‘ultra sound technology’.

Sound is a form of energy , which can travel in medium and is produced by the vibration of matter.

Vibrations produce a wide range of frequencies and of which can be heard are audible and can’t are un audible. We can hear sounds of frequencies ranging between 20Hz to 20KHz and are called audible, where as frequencies beyond 20kHz are ultrasound, can’t hear, but studied under ultrasonics.

• Ultrasonics, vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible range for humans—that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is applied to ultrasoundwaves of very high amplitudes. Hypersound, sometimes called praetersound or microsound, is sound waves of frequencies greater than 10¹³ hertz. At such high frequencies it is very difficult for a sound wave to propagate efficiently; indeed, above a frequency of about 1.25 × 10¹³ hertz it is impossible for longitudinal waves to propagate at all, even in a liquid or a solid, because the molecules of the material in which the waves are traveling cannot pass the vibration along rapidly enough.
• Many animals have the ability to hear sounds in the human ultrasonic frequency range. A presumed sensitivity of roaches and rodents to frequencies in the 40 kilohertz region has led to the manufacture of “pest controllers” that emit loud sounds in that frequency range to drive the pests away, but they do not appear to work as advertised.
• Some ranges of hearing for mammals and insects are compared with those of humans in the table.
• Frequency range of hearing for humans
  and selected animals

ANIMAL	frequency (hertz)
	low		high
humans	20		20,000
cats	100		32,000
dogs	40		46,000
horses	31		40,000
elephants	16		12,000
cattle	16		40,000
bats	1,000		150,000
grasshoppers and locusts	100		50,000
rodents	1,000		100,000
whales and dolphins	70		150,000
seals and sea lions	200		55,000

An ultrasound scan, also referred to as a sonogram, diagnostic sonography, and ultrasonography, is a device that uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of some part of the inside of the body, such as the stomach, liver, heart, tendons, muscles, joints and blood vessels.
Experts say that as sound waves, rather than radiation are used, ultrasound scans are safe. Obstetric sonography is frequently used to check the baby in the womb.
This article looks specifically at ultrasound scans. We also have articles in our knowledge center about CT scans, MRI scans and PET scans.
Ultrasound scans are used to detect problems in the liver, heart, kidney or the abdomen. They may also be useful in helping the surgeon when carrying out some types of biopsies.
The word "ultrasound", in physics, refers to all sound with a frequency humans cannot hear. In diagnostic sonography, the ultrasound is usually between 2 and 18 MHz. Higher frequencies provide better quality images, but are more readily absorbed by the skin and other tissue, so they cannot penetrate as deeply as lower frequencies. Lower frequencies can penetrate deeper, but the image quality is inferior.
According to MediLexicon's medical dictionary:
Diagnostic ultrasound is: "the use of ultrasound to obtain images for medical diagnostic purposes, employing frequencies ranging from 1.6 to about 10 MHz."
Therapeutic ultrasound is: "high intensity ultrasound causing coagulation necrosis of tissue, used in treatment of some benign tumors, such as uterine leiomyomata."
Ultrasound scans and sonograms
The difference between an ultrasound scan and a sonogram is:
• An ultrasound scan is the procedure, the event
• A sonogram is the image produced when an ultrasound scan is performed
• 
  

General Instructions for Differently Abled Candidates

To facilitate easy access, a few selected schools are made examination centers for special students.  Teachers from schools for visually impaired are appointed as Assistant Superintendent(s) (Invigilators) at the special examination centers. However, precaution is taken to appoint different subject teachers on different days.  Answer books of differently abled candidates are sent separately by the Centre Superintendents.  A separate column is provided on the title page of the answer book for indicating the category of differently abled candidates.  Visually Impaired candidates are permitted use of screen reading software 10 (like JAWS- Job Access with Speech) with prior approval of the Board. They also have the facility of using a computer or a typewriter for writing answers.  Use of calculator is not permitted in any of the examinations conducted by the Board For further details circular no. Acad-06/2016 under CBSE website www.cbseacademic.in can be visited. Results for Class X & XII are likely to be declared in the month of May/June, 2016.

CBSE-2016 Class X Exams :

 Scheme-1 (School Based): For those who do not wish to move out of the CBSE System after Class X.

Schedule for Supply of Question Papers and Marking Scheme will be provided by the Board and SA-II will be conducting by the schools. Using the webbased technology solution called Integrated Test Management System (ITMS), the Question Papers and Marking Schemes will be sent to schools.

a) Online Question Papers will be sent from 04th March 2016.
b) Examination will be conducted from 10th March 2016 onwards.
c) Online Marking Scheme will be made available from 19th March 2016.

Scheme-2 (Board Based): For those who wish to move out of the CBSE System after Class X, who wish to join institutions/ schools/ Junior Colleges affiliated to Boards other than the CBSE.

Question papers and Marking Scheme will be prepared by the CBSE
For Scheme-II, examinations would commence from 1st March, 2016 and would conclude on 28th March, 2016.

The Summative Assessment-2 (SA-2) conducted by the school (Scheme 1) and conducted by the Board (Scheme 2) are similar as both are:

1. Based on same syllabus prescribed for Term II only. 2. Carry the same weightage of 30% towards the final grade. 3. Based on the same types of question papers in term of question paper design, blue print and difficulty level. 4. Evaluated on the basis of marking schemes prepared by the Board. 5. The answer copies of examination conducted by the board are evaluated by the Board at designated centers whereas those conducted by the school evaluation is done by the teachers based on the marking schemes supplied by the Board. 6. A uniform certificate is issued to all the candidates by the Board.

 Problem Solving Assessment has been discontinued with effect from 2015-16 session. Schools will conduct FA4 in place of PSA and upload the scores.
Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills (ASL) Weightage of 20 marks in Formative and Summative Assessments is assigned for the Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills. The Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills is done at the term-end examination in Summative Assessment-I and II. Schools have been asked to conduct ASL as per the guidelines provided by the CBSE.
Open Text-Based Assessment The Board conducts Open Text-based Assessment for classes IX and XI, to inculcate analytical and theoretical skills. i) Open Text based Assessment (OTBA) for Class IX (SA-II) is conducted in all the main subjects Hindi, English, Mathematics Science, Social Science. ii) For Class XI it is held in Economics, Biology and Geography (annual exams).
 The schools have been supplied with open text material before the commencement of class IX Summative Assessment II and class XI annual exams.  Textual material is in the form of articles / case study, / a story, /problem/situation based on the concepts taught in the unit assigned for the OTBA in the curriculum during second term (class IX) and during the session (Class XI).  A total weightage of 10 marks has been assigned in all the main subjects (Class IX) and Economics, Biology, Geography in Class XI and may also include Value Based Questions.  Value Based Questions in all major subjects for classes X and XII up to 3-5 marks will be included. The questions will be based on content and analysed on the basis of the values reflected.  Sample Question Papers for Examinations Class X and XII have been made available on the www.cbse.nic.in.

CBSE TELE COUNSELLING

I st Phase CBSE Tele- Counselling from 1st February 2016 to 22nd April 2016 Offered by Principals and trained counsellors from within CBSE affiliated schools located in and outside India, it is a voluntary, free of cost service provided by the participants. This year 76 Principals, trained counsellors from CBSE affiliated government and private schools and few psychologists are participating in Tele-Counselling and addressing exam related psychological problems of the students. 60 of them are available in India while 16 are located in Nepal, Japan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Jeddah, Al Khobar) Sultnate of Oman, UAE (Sharjah, Dubai, Ras Al-Khaimah) and Kuwait.

CBSE LAUNCHES PRE EXAM ANNUAL COUNSELLING FOR STUDENTS AND PARENTS FROM 1st FEBRUARY TO 22nd APRIL 2016

                                                          PRESS NOTE

CBSE LAUNCHES PRE EXAM ANNUAL COUNSELLING FOR STUDENTS AND PARENTS FROM 1st FEBRUARY TO 22nd APRIL 2016

The Pre-Examination counselling for students and parents will begin from the 1st of February and will continue up to 22nd April, 2016. This is the 19th consecutive year that CBSE will provide psychological counselling services to students at the time of preparation as well as during the examinations to overcome exam related stress.

The CBSE annual counselling is an outreach programme which is carefully designed keeping the heterogeneity of students’ population and geographical spread. Multiple modes of communication such as telephonic counselling, Question Answer columns in newspapers and online counselling through CBSE website are used to reach out to more and more examinees during this phase.

1. CBSE TELE-COUNSELLING

Is offered by Principals and trained counsellors from within CBSE affiliated schools located in and outside India. It is a voluntary, free of cost service provided by the participants. This year 76 Principals, trained counsellors from CBSE affiliated government and private schools and few psychologists will participate in Tele-Counselling and address exam related psychological problems of the students. 60 of them are available in India while 16 are located in Nepal, Japan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Jeddah, Sultnate of Oman, Al Khobar), UAE (Sharjah, Dubai, Ras Al-Khaimah) and Kuwait

Centralized Toll Free Access in India

Students can dial a toll free number 1800 11 8004 from any part of the country which will give centralized access to CBSE helpline. While the general queries will be answered by the operators, students will be connected to the principals or counsellors in case of exam related anxiety or stress. The tele helpline will be operational from 08 AM to 10 PM from 1st February to 22nd April 2016 on all days

Counselling for Differently Abled Children

For the seventh year CBSE has arranged to provide counselling to differently abled children to take care of the needs and anxiety of special children.

2. QUESTION-ANSWER COLUMNS

CBSE experts will answer queries of students through weekly Question Answer columns to be published in major national newspapers during the month of February

3. ON-LINE COUNSELLING

For On-line counselling counselling.cecbse@gmail.com and sugandh.cbse@gmail.com can also be contacted.

4. CBSE WEBSITE

Information related to examinations and techniques to cope with exam related anxiety is also provided at the CBSE website www.cbse.nic.in through micro link Helpline.